ABSTRACT
Objetivo. Presentar los resultados de la carga de enfermedad en México de 1990 a 2010 para las principales enfermedades, lesiones y factores de riesgo, por sexo. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un análisis secundario del estudio de la carga mundial de la enfermedad 2010. Resultados. En 2010 se perdieron 26.2 millones de años de vida saludable (AVISA), 56% en hombres y 44% en mujeres. Las principales causas de AVISA en hombres fueron violencia, cardiopatía isquémica y los accidentes de tránsito. En las mujeres fueron la diabetes, la enfermedad renal crónica y la cardiopatía isquémica. Los trastornos mentales y musculoesqueléticos concentran 18% de la carga. Los factores de riesgo que más afectan a los hombres son sobrepeso/obesidad; niveles de glucosa en sangre y de presión arterial elevados; y el consumo de alcohol y tabaco (35.6% de AVISA perdidos). En las mujeres, el sobrepeso y la obesidad; glucosa elevada; hipertensión arterial; baja actividad física; y el consumo de alcohol y tabaco fueron responsables de 40% de los AVISA perdidos; en ambos sexos, la dieta contribuye con 12% de la carga. Conclusiones. El panorama epidemiológico en México demanda una urgente adecuación y modernización del sistema de salud.
Objective. To present the results of the burden of disease, injuries and risk factors in Mexico from 1990 to 2010 for the principal illnesses, injuries and risk factors by sex. Materials and methods. A secondary analysis of the study results published by the Global Burden of Disease 2010 for Mexico performed by IHME. Results. In 2010, Mexico lost 26.2 million of Disability adjusted live years (DALYs), 56 % were in male and 44 % in women. The main causes of DALYs in men are violence, ischemic heart disease and road traffic injuries. In the case of women the leading causes are diabetes, chronic kidney disease and ischemic heart diseases. The mental disorders and musculoskeletal conditions concentrate 18% of health lost. The risk factors that most affect men in Mexico are: alcohol consumption, overweight/obesity, high blood glucose levels and blood pressure and tobacco consumption (35.6 % of DALYs lost). In women, overweight and obesity, high blood sugar and blood pressure, lack of physical activity and consumption of alcohol are responsible for 40 % of DALYs lost. In both sexes the problems with diet contribute 12% of the burden. Conclusions. The epidemiological situation in Mexico, demands an urgent adaptation and modernization of the health system.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Cost of Illness , Delivery of Health Care , Wounds and Injuries/epidemiology , Cause of Death , Disabled Persons , Life Expectancy , Mexico/epidemiology , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
"In Zimbabwe HIV is predominantly transmitted heterosexually. Prevention campaigns have been based on assumptions about sexual behaviour. Increased awareness of HIV has not led to meaningful change in sexual behaviour. Through structured interviews and focus group discussions in a rural district of Matabeleland in Zimbabwe this study contributes to the knowledge of attitudes towards sex and sexual behaviour in order to define more appropriate health education messages. Traditional sex education no longer exists and has been replaced with ignorance and secrecy. Similarly communication between sexual partners is limited. Men's habit of marrying much younger women after many years of being a sexually active bachelor and migrant labour create a demand for extra- and pre-marital sexual partners. The almost ubiquitous expectation of women for rewards for sex outside marriage and the economic necessity to seek such income motivate mostly unmarried women to meet the male demand for sexual partners. Young girls are especially vulnerable to temptations of a small reward from ""sugar daddies"" in return for sexual favours. While most married women have resigned themselves to the fact that their husbands have an irresistible tendency to court other women; a strict moral code for married women strongly condemns extramarital partners. Recommendations are given to restore traditional communication about sexual matters across generations and to urge sexual partners to discuss sex. Women who for economic reason engage in casual sex should at least learn to negotiate the use of condoms. Men seriously need to reconsider some attitudes to sex and sexual practices. The high HIV sero-prevalence and prevalence of STD's throughout Zimbabwe makes every unprotected casual sexual encounter a suicidal enterprise. Faithfulness; rather than multiple sexual contacts; should become a reason to boast. ""Casual sex free"" bars could help men who know the danger of HIV infection to avoid the temptation of picking up a woman at a bar; when alcohol has clouded their good intentions."